"British Society Since 1945: The Penguin Social History of Britain" is the standard undergraduate text and is good for the basics.
"The uses of Literacy" by Richard Hoggart might seem quite dated to the modern reader, but not only was it the first academic text to address working class culture in the 50's, it also did so with an authentically 50's mindset and as such is quite facinating.
In fiction, Colin MacInness (Absolute Beginners, City of Spades and Mr Love and Mr Justice), Kingsley Amis (Lucky Jim), John Osbourne (Look back in Anger), Alan Sillitoe (Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, The Lonliness of the Long Distance Runner) and Colin Wilson (The Outsider) are all of interest albeit of varying literary merit. Iris Murdoch and Angus Wilson were both terribly popular in the 50's and far less so today ie dated but with the whiff of authenticity.
This looks like a list from my dead fathers bookshelf...