[...] the yew, the death-tree in all European countries, sacred to Hecate in Greece and Italy. At Rome, when black bulls were sacrificed to Hecate, so that the ghosts should lap their gushing blood, they were wreathed with yew [ ...]
In Ireland the yew was 'the coffin of the vine': wine barrels were made of yew staves. In the Irish romance of Naoise and Deirdre, yew stakes were driven through the corpses of these lovers to keep them apart; but the stakes sprouted and became trees whose tops eventually embraced over Armagh Cathedral. In Brittany it is said that church-yard yews will spread a root to the mouth of each corpse. Yew makes the best bows—as the Romans learned from the Greeks—and the deadliness of the tree was thereby enhanced; it is likely that the Latin taxus, yew, is connected with toxon, Greek for bow, and with toxicon, Greek for the poison with which arrows were smeared. The ancient Irish are said to have used a compound of yew-berry, helle- bore and devil's bit for poisoning their weapons. John Evelyn in his Silva (1662) points out that the yew does not deserve its reputation for poisonousness—'whatever Pliny reports concerning its shade, or the story of the air about Thasius, the fate of Cativulcus mentioned by Caesar, and the ill report which the fruit has vulgarly obtained in France, Spain and Arcadia.' Cattle and horses nibble the leaves without ill-effect, he says; but later he suggests that the 'true taxus' is indeed 'mortiferous*. Its use in the English witch-cult is recalled in Macbeth where Hecate's cauldron contained:
• ... slips of yew Sliver'd in the Moon's eclipse.
Shakespeare elsewhere calls it the 'double fatal yew' and makes Hamlet's uncle poison the King by pouring its juice ('hebenon') into his ear. It shares with the oak the reputation of taking longer than any other tree to come to maturity, but is longer lived even than the oak. When seasoned and polished its wood has an extraordinary power of resisting corruption.
One of the 'Five Magical Trees of Ireland' was a yew. This was the Tree of Ross, described as 'a firm straight deity" (the Irish yew differed from the British in being cone-shaped, with branches growing straight up, not horizontally), 'the renown of Banbha' (Banbha was the death aspect of the Irish Triple Goddess), 'the Spell of Knowledge, and the King's Wheel'—that is to say the death-letter that makes the wheel of existence come full circle; as a reminder of his destiny, every Irish king wore a brooch in the form of a wheel, which was entailed on his successor. I place the station of the yew on the last day of the year, the eve of the Winter Solstice. Ailm the Silver-fir of Birth and Idho the Yew of Death are sisters: they stand next to each other in the circle of the year and their foliage is almost identical. Fir is to yew as silver is to lead. The mediaeval alchemists, following ancient tradition, reckoned silver to the Moon as presiding over birth, and lead to Saturn as presiding over death; and extracted both metals from the same mixed ore
Fir, womb of silver pain, Yew, tomb of leaden grief-—
Viragoes of one vein, Alike in leaf—
With arms up-flung
Taunt us in the same tongue:
'Here Jove's own coffin-cradle swung'